p-Phenylenediamine Sulfate
Also known as: PPD sulfate
INCI: p-Phenylenediamine Sulfate | Function: Hair Dye | Type: Oxidative hair dye (aromatic amine)
What Is p-Phenylenediamine Sulfate?
p-Phenylenediamine Sulfate 是对苯二胺的硫酸盐形式, 是 PPD 的改良版本。硫酸盐提供了更好的配方稳定性和处理安全性, 但致敏性与 PPD 游离碱相当。EU 同样限制最高使用浓度 2% (after mixing)。
Key Skin Benefits
- + Permanent hair coloring — 持久染发
- + Wide color range — 可调制多种色系
- + Good gray coverage — 白发遮盖效果好
Pros
- + Most effective permanent hair dye
- + Versatile color range
- + Long-lasting results
Cons
- − POTENT ALLERGEN — leading cause of hair dye allergy
- − EU restricted to max 2% after mixing
- − Patch test required 48h before each use
- − Cross-reactivity with azo dyes
- − Occupational hazard for hairdressers
Specifications
| Property | Value |
|---|
| Usage Areas | Hair |
| Product Type | Rinse-Off |
| Source | Synthetic |
| Natural Level | Synthetic |
Safety Ratings
| Metric | Rating |
|---|
| Skin Sensitivity | 4/5 (high allergen) |
| Comedogenic Rating | N/A (hair only) |
| EWG Score | 7/10 |
Regional Regulatory Limits
| Region | Leave-on % | Rinse-off % | Status |
|---|
| EU (CosIng) | 2% (after mixing) | 2% (after mixing) | RESTRICTED — Annex III, max 2%, warning label required |
| US (FDA) | No specific limit | No specific limit | Allowed — warning label required |
| Japan (MHLW) | Restricted | Restricted | Allowed — restricted concentration |
| ASEAN | 2% (after mixing) | 2% (after mixing) | RESTRICTED — follows EU |
| China (NMPA) | Restricted | Restricted | Allowed — restricted use in hair dyes |
Typical Usage % by Product Type
| Product Type | Typical % |
|---|
| Permanent hair color | ≤2% (after mixing) |
| Oxidative hair dye | ≤2% (after mixing) |
References
- EU CosIng — Annex III restricted substances. https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/
- SCCS — Opinion on p-phenylenediamine. https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/
- McFadden JP et al. (2011) — PPD allergy. PMID: 21284645
- EWG Skin Deep — PPD report. https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/